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Journal of Humanistic Psychology
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Optimal Adult Development: An Inquiry into the Dynamics of Growth

Angela H. Pfaffenberger

Fort Collins, Colorado

Half a century ago, Abraham Maslow’s theory of self-actualization described advanced development in adulthood. This article reviews the empirical research as well as additional efforts of theory building that have been undertaken in the area of optimal development. Jane Loevinger’s stage theory of ego development, which takes a neo-Piagetian approach to the study of personality, has come to serve as a framework that integrates different research projects because it allows for a dynamic understanding of the process of change. This literature review pays particular attention to what facilitates and promotes development to higher stages. It is concluded that advanced development is facilitated by certain stable personality characteristics and by meaningful engagement with challenging life events. Research supports the conclusion that meditation and specifically targeted educational interventions have shown a potential to further adult development.

Key Words: self-actualization • ego development • Loevinger • adult development

Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol. 45, No. 3, 279-301 (2005)
DOI: 10.1177/0022167804274359
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